Sijo Poetry
First used ca. 1000 C.E.
Korea
The sijo (pronounced “shee-jo”) is a Korean indigenous poetic form, which first emerged around the middle of the Goryeo Period (918-1392), was active during the Joseon Period (1392-1897), and is still practiced today. It is the best example of Korean indigenous poetry and is comparable to other poetic traditions, especially those in East Asia. The sijo is a three-line Korean poetic form, traditionally meant to be sung and recited, dealing with various themes, such as the philosophical, pastoral, and personal. The first line is usually written in a 3-4-4-4 syllable pattern and introduces an idea. The second line is usually written in a 3-4-4-4 syllable pattern and develops the idea. The third line is usually written in a 3-5-4-3 syllable pattern and provides a twist on the initial idea in the first half and a resolution in the second half of the line. As there have been many variations, the number of syllables is flexible in sijo. However, for its musicality, it is important to have four distinct syllabic groups in each line, which are further divided into the first half and the second half. When reciting, slight pauses should mark the space between each group, as well as the space between the first half and the second half.
Selected poems here represent well-known traditional sijo poems. Yun Seondo (1587-1671) is regarded as the sijo master in Korea, along with Chung Chul, for producing a number of exemplary pieces. Yun was a scholar, government official, and tutor to princes at the royal court, and he produced most of his famous poetry while in political exile. Chung Chul (1536-1594) was a Confucian scholar who wrote a great number of elegant sijo. Hwang Chin-i (1506-c1567) was a gisaeng (female entertainer) whose professional name was Myeongwal (“bright moon”). She was famous for her beauty and her talent at poetry, literature, music, dance, and calligraphy. Yi Sun-shin (1545-1598) was a naval commander who won victories against the Japanese navy during the war with Japan between 1592 and 1598. Chŏng Mong-ju (1338-1392) was a Confucian scholar who refused to betray his king in the Goryeo Kingdom when Korea was transitioning from the Goryeo Kingdom to the Joseon Dynasty. Kim Chang-up (1658-1721), Yang Sa-Eun (1517-1584), and Im Che (1549-1587) were all writers during the Joseon Dynasty.
Written by Kyounghye Kwon
Sijo Poetry
Hwang Jin-I, Translated by David R. McCann
License: CC BY-SA
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I will break the back of this long, midwinter night, Folding it double, cold beneath my spring quilt, That I may draw out the night, should my love return. |
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The First Stanza of “Song of (My) Five Friends”
Yun Seondo, translated by Larry Gross
License: CC BY-SA
You ask how many friends I have? Water and stone, bamboo and pine.
The moon rising over the eastern hill is a joyful comrade.
Besides these five companions, what other pleasure should I ask
Yun Seondo (also spelled Yun Sŏndo)’s full poem can be found here: http://www.webring.org/l/rd?ring=sijowebring;id=3;url=http%3A%2F%2Fthewordshop.tripod.com%2FSijo%2F
The First Verse from the Spring Sequence of the Poems about the Changing Seasons
Yun Seondo, translated by Larry Gross
License: CC BY-SA
Sun lights up the hill behind, mist rises on the channel ahead.
Push the boat, push the boat!
The night tide has gone out, the morning tide is coming in.
Jigukchong, jigukchong, eosawa!
Untamed flowers along the shore reach out to the far village.
The Traditional Sijo Poems by Chung Chul, Kim Chang-Up, U-Taek, Yang Sa Eun, Hwang Jini (Also Spelled Hwang Chin-I), Im Che, Yi Wonik, Yun Sundo, and others, as well as examples of contemporary sijo:
Go to the link and read these poems: http://www.sejongculturalsociety.org/writing/current/resources/sijo_samples.php
Sijo Poems by Yi Sun-shin and Chŏng Mong-ju
Go to the link and scroll down the page to read these poems: http://chosonkorea.org/index.php/culture/literature/sijopoetry
