In-Text Citations, Signal Phrases, and Direct Quotations

 

Formatting Your Paper in MLA Style
You are here > In-Text Citations, Signal Phrases, and Direct Quotations
Paraphrasing Source Material
Citations and Works Cited Page

 

Background. When you write papers in college, you’ll often include information you learned through research to show your audience that you’re an informed and trustworthy writer. This information might be facts, statistics, or ideas. Using information that you learned from outside sources (source information) is a big responsibility that you take on when you enter the community of scholars, and because you are at NOVA, you are a member of that community. Part of that responsibility requires you to tell your audience which information is source information and where it comes from.

Direct Quotations are phrases or sentences that you include in your paper that match a source exactly. You must enclose direct quotations in quotation marks. The quotation marks indicate that those words belong to someone else.  You are responsible for telling your audience where you found those words. To do so, you have two choices (1) include an in-text citation or (2) include a signal phrase. Both methods are explained below.

In-Text Citations. An in-text citation is information placed in parentheses in the body of your research paper that tells your audience where you found the source information that you included in your paper. If a sentence in your paper includes a fact, idea, or statistic that you learned from a source, the in-text citation at the end of the sentence would tell your audience where you found that fact, idea, or statistic. Usually, in-text citations include the last name of the author of the source and the page number where the information is located.

Examples

Available Information about Source
Hypothetical (Made-Up) Example In-Text Citation
If your source has an author and a page number, follow the example to the right   >
Your paper includes information from page 77 of the book “College and the American Dream” by Alison Lahey, The in-text citation would be (Lahey 77). Notice that it includes

  • the author’s last name
  • the page number

There is no punctuation or “p” between the author’s last name, Lahey, and the page number.

If your source has an author but no page number, follow the example to the right   >
Your paper includes information from an online article written by Alison Lahey and there is no page number.
The in-text citation would be only the author’s last name: (Lahey) because there is no page number.
If your source has no author and no page number, follow the example to the right   >
Your paper includes information from an online article called “American Cities Test Free College Program,” but that source has no author or page number. The in-text citation would be the first few words of the title of the article in quotation marks:  (“American Cities”).

In-Text Citations and Direct Quotations in Sentences.  What do a direct quotation and an in-text citation look like in a sentence?

Here is a sentence from the article “Why I Use Trigger Warnings:”

The practice originated in Internet communities, primarily for the benefit of people with post-traumatic stress disorder. 

Here is a sample sentence that uses the highlighted words from the article with an in-text citation included:

Trigger warnings have gotten a lot of publicity lately, but the idea behind them is as old as the Internet. The warnings were intended primarily for the benefit of people with post-traumatic stress disorder” (Manne).

Please notice:

  1. The quoted words in the sample sentence match the highlighted words in the article, so the words in the sample sentence are enclosed in quotation marks.
  2. The quotation is followed by an in-text citation, which is the author’s last name in parentheses. There is no page number.
  3. The in-text citation is placed after the quotation marks but before the period.

 

Here is another sentence from the article “Why I Use Trigger Warnings:”

These warnings are not unlike the advisory notices given before films and TV shows; those who want to ignore them can do so without a second thought.

Here is another sample sentence that uses the exact words from the article with an in-text citation included:

It’s possible that people have seen trigger warnings without realizing it because they’ve been in use for quite a while. “These warnings are not unlike the advisory notices given before films and TV shows; those who want to ignore them can do so without a second thought” (Manne).

Please notice:

  1. The quoted words in the sample sentence exactly match the words in the article, so the words in the sample sentence are enclosed in quotation marks.
  2. The quotation is followed by an in-text citation, which is the author’s last name in parentheses.  There is no page number.
  3. The in-text citation is placed after the quotation marks but before period. 

 


Signal Phrases and Direct Quotations in Sentences.  A signal phrase is a phrase within a sentence that tells your reader where you found your source information. A signal phrase can replace an in-text citation because it provides the same information as an in-text citation and it meets MLA requirements.  


Signal Phrases and Direct Quotations in Sentences.  What do a direct quotation and a signal phrase look like in a sentence?

Here is a sentence from the article “Why I Use Trigger Warnings:”

The practice originated in Internet communities, primarily for the benefit of people with post-traumatic stress disorder. 

Here is a sample sentence that includes the highlighted words and uses a signal phrase instead of an in-text citation:

Trigger warnings have gotten a lot of publicity lately, but the idea behind them is as old as the Internet. As Kate Manne explains, the warnings were intended primarily for the benefit of people with post-traumatic stress disorder.”

Please notice:

  1. The quoted words in the sample sentence match the highlighted words in the article, so the words in the sample sentence are enclosed in quotation marks.
  2. The quotation is introduced by the signal phrase “As Kate Manne explains.” There is no page number.
  3. There is no in-text citation (parentheses at the end of the sentence) because the signal phrase provides the name of the author of the source.

 

Here is another sentence from the article “Why I Use Trigger Warnings:”

These warnings are not unlike the advisory notices given before films and TV shows; those who want to ignore them can do so without a second thought.”  

Here is another sample sentence that uses the exact words from the article and a signal phrase instead of an in-text citation:

It’s possible that people have seen trigger warnings without realizing it because they’ve been in use for quite a while. According to Kate Manne, “These warnings are not unlike the advisory notices given before films and TV shows; those who want to ignore them can do so without a second thought.”

Please notice:

  1. The quoted words in the sample sentence exactly match the words from the article, so the words in the sample sentence are enclosed in quotation marks.
  2. The quotation is introduced by the signal phrase “According to Kate Manne.” There is no page number.
  3. There is no in-text citation (parentheses at the end of the sentence) because the signal phrase provides the name of the author of the source.

Additional Resource

Quotations from The Writing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

NOVA Online ENG 111 Handbook Copyright © 2023 by Various Authors; Cathy Gaiser, NOVA; Ulrike Kestler; Dr. Karen Palmer; and Dr. Sandi Van Lieu is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book