39 Less Work, More Living
Learning Outcomes
- Apply the reading process to “Less Work, More Living.”
- Summarize the article.
- Respond to the article.
- Evaluate opposing views about the four-day workweek.
Preview the Article
Follow the steps below to preview the article “Less Work, More Living.” Ideally, you should print the article and write your responses in the margins of the printed copy. To read more about previewing, visit the chapter on previewing a reading.
- Read the title and subtitle. What do they make you think about? What do you think the article is about? What questions do you have? Record your predictions and questions on the printed copy of the article next to the title.
- The title and subtitle hint at the idea of being overworked. Do you currently have a job, and have you experienced that feeling? Record your thoughts on the printed copy of the article.
- Read the first two or three paragraphs. What additional predictions do you now have about the article? What additional questions do you have? Record them on the printed copy of the article.
- Scan the article and notice the headings (e.g. A Rare Rethinking) within the article. What additional thoughts or questions do these raise? Record them on the printed copy of the article.
- Scan the bolded and underlined vocabulary in the article. If there are any words that you do not know well, look them up in a print or online dictionary and write some notes about their meanings on the printed copy of the article. Keep in mind that some words have multiple meanings. For example, the word piloted is used in paragraph 13; however, it does not refer to a flying a plane or other aircraft. You may need to read the sentence containing the word to understand the word’s usage.
- Based on your preview of the article, what do you think is the central point of the article? (Don’t worry if you are not sure. This is a prediction or guess – you do not have to be correct as long as you are engaging your brain.) Record your prediction on the printed copy of the article.
- Based on your preview, do you predict that the article is narrative, expository, or argumentative?
Read Interactively
Now, read the article using the guidelines from the chapter on reading interactively. As you read, follow these steps to engage with the text.
- Pause to confirm or revise your predictions and to answer the questions you posed while previewing the article. Write down those revised predictions and responses to the questions as you read. If you cannot find the answers to your questions, save them for further research and discussion.
- Pause at other points to check for understanding of what you just read. Can you explain key ideas in your own words yet? If not, reread to clarify. Ideas that come later in a text build on the previous ones. Therefore, it makes no sense to keep reading if you did not understand something or if you became distracted. Anyone can become distracted while reading, so don’t hesitate to use the strategy of rereading when necessary.
- Pay attention to any vocabulary words that are confusing. Look up the words in a dictionary if they are interfering with your understanding, or mark them to return to later.
- Record any opinions or reactions you have to the reading in the margins of the article.
- Write down any further questions that develop as you read.
Less Work, More Living
Movements such as the four-day workweek, right to disconnect, and fair workweek aim to save our sanity and the planet.
August 10, 2021
1 Karina Soto has spent the past nine years as a sales associate at an office supply store in Los Angeles. As businesses nationwide closed their doors to stop the spread of COVID-19 last year, the 33-year-old found herself with a new title: essential worker.
2 “Working retail is not easy, and not everyone can do it, and that’s been especially true during the pandemic,” Soto says, adding that she’s helped many customers print obituaries for loved ones who died of COVID-19. “We are the faces of these companies. We bring them in profits. A lot of us go out of our way to make sure our customers are happy while being put under a lot of pressure and getting mistreated.”
3 In addition to the standard stressors of working retail, Soto says she had to reschedule medical appointments and care for her aging parents, while juggling shifts for her second job and part-time degree program, all because her employer rarely gave her more than a few days’ advance notice of her work schedule.
4 But Soto, who still works 8-10 hours weekly at the office-supply store, sees hope on the horizon. The L.A. City Council is currently considering a “fair workweek” ordinance, which would require employers of 300 or more people to provide schedules at least two weeks in advance, give employees the right to request changes or turn down shifts that conflict with previously scheduled obligations without retaliation, and end practices like the “clopener,” sticking someone with an opening shift after they’ve closed the night before. Since 2016, several U.S. cities have enacted fair workweek ordinances, and Oregon became the first state to pass a similar law in 2017, which took full effect in July 2020.
5 “If we have this policy, that’s one thing we don’t have to worry about when it comes to working in retail,” Soto says about the proposed ordinance. “That’s a lot of stress taken away from your day-to-day life.”
6 Conversations about work-life balance often skip workers in industries like retail, restaurants, and hospitality. Yet they typically have the least latitude over schedules that are often irregular and assigned with little notice, since many employers use software that schedules shifts based on store traffic and sales. In L.A., 77% of retail workers got their schedules less than one week in advance, according to a 2018 survey.
7 “There are heartbreaking stories of low-wage workers, often people of color, who are trying to take care of themselves and their families, advance, and plan for their lives, and they’re unable to because of these difficult scheduling practices,” says Jake Lewis, director of communications for the Chicago Federation of Labor, which helped win passage of a fair workweek law last year in Chicago. “There’s issues of overworking, underworking, and just not being able to predict what your work-life balance looks like.”
A Rare Rethinking
8 After a year that forced us to recognize that low-paid workers are essential and remote work on a mass scale is possible, the pandemic has pushed a rethinking of work that is rare in U.S. society.
9 Now, as U.S. businesses fully reopen, several legislative and organizational actions are providing a glimpse of what a more sustainable work life could look like. In addition to bringing predictability to hourly scheduling, this includes shortening the workweek to four days, and giving workers a “right to disconnect” from technology. Across industries, these reforms share a common, simple goal: protect people from the demands a company can make on their time, when technology and a globalized economy make it possible to work around the clock.
10 In 2018, the New Zealand will, trust, and estate planning company Perpetual Guardian captured the world’s attention. After the company shifted its more than 240 employees to a four-day workweek—without cutting pay—employees’ stress levels decreased by 7%, while job engagement increased by 40%, according to an independent study the company commissioned.
11 “We were the second most-read story in The New York Times after the Trump-Putin summit,” says Andrew Barnes, Perpetual Guardian’s chairman and founder. “This transcends borders and cultures and everything else. We realized overwork is a problem that is global. And this, whilst it’s not a silver bullet, is a way to address that.”
12 Inspired by their success, Barnes and his partner, former Perpetual Guardian sales and marketing director Charlotte Lockhart, launched a global four-day workweek movement. They believe theirs is not an isolated experience but reflects a common-sense and evidence-based idea: When well-being is supported, people work better.
13 Leaders in Finland and New Zealand have since come out for a four-day workweek, and Spain piloted a program to encourage companies to adopt it. In July, Iceland reported on the largest-to-date trial of a shortened workweek with 2,500 workers across sectors and found “incredible success” in such measures as improved productivity and reduced burnout. But to make the practice widespread, Barnes and Lockhart launched a U.S. 4 Day Week campaign in June 2021 to convince American companies.
14 “If we can crack the U.S., everywhere would broadly follow,” says Barnes.
15 He acknowledges what they’re up against: Employees in the U.S. work some of the longest hours of any wealthy nation and have no federally guaranteed paid vacation, sick, or parental leave, though federal employees are eligible for 12 weeks of parental leave as of October 2020.
16 “You have a really, seriously appalling work culture, with the greatest due respect,” Barnes says.
17 A few American companies piloted a four-day workweek before the pandemic. The abrupt shift to remote work prompted even more experimentation, with large organizations including Slack, affiliate marketing company AWIN, and social media management software company Buffer all testing shortened weeks in 2020. Buffer and AWIN chose to extend the practice indefinitely, and Kickstarter in June became the latest company to test a four-day workweek.
18 Ilana Broad and Sterling Champion decided to implement a four-day workweek for The SheMark, which certifies women-owned or -operated organizations.
19 “It’s unsustainable the way we do things now. It makes you feel the need to be productive all the time,” says Champion. “We now can enjoy our weekends without the Sunday Scaries aspect,” she adds, referring to feelings of dread before the start of a new workweek.
20 Broad says SheMark’s approach is based on the tenets of “conscious capitalism,” which promotes a “triple bottom line,” prioritizing people and the planet as much as profit.
21 “In the U.S. everyone is an employee first and a human second,” says Broad. “Capitalism is a race to the bottom. Conscious capitalism is a direct counter. [It] truly believes the best outcome is a race to the top.”
Switching Off
22 The shift to remote work during the pandemic led to more flexibility, but it also further blurred boundaries between work and home, leading people to work more hours and experience significant burnout.
23 “The complete conflation of private space and work space has led to this pressure on people [when it comes to] switching off,” says Andrew Pakes, director of communications and research for Prospect, a union representing workers in white-collar fields like science, tech, and civil service in the United Kingdom. “How do you put a bad day at work behind you if your office is also your kitchen or your dining room or your spare room?”
24 Prospect is leading an effort to include a right-to-disconnect policy in an upcoming U.K. employment bill, which requires companies to give workers the right not to respond to digital communication after hours. First passed in France, similar laws have been adopted in Italy, Spain, Chile, the Philippines, Slovakia, and Ireland, and are under consideration in the European Union, Canada, and Japan, among other nations.
25 Pushback against the right to disconnect argues it’s too rigid given the popularity of flexible work. However, flexibility is often defined in the interest of managers, not workers, as British labor and management researchers recently noted. For many workers, boundaries around work relieve the psychic toll of feeling we should always be working. Even the expectation one should be checking work email causes spikes in anxiety.
26 “What we need,” says Pakes, “is proper conversation around how we get the best out of flexible working coming out of this crisis without overstepping the mark.”
Finding Balance
27 Working less is the rare idea where often-competing interests are aligned. A shorter workweek can benefit the environment by reducing commuting and its attendant pollution. Boston College sociology professor Juliet Schor and two colleagues found a 10% reduction in work hours would lead to a 14% decline in the global carbon footprint. And a study by the Center for Economic Policy and Research showed if the U.S. reduced its work hours to European levels, there would be a 20% drop in energy consumption.
28 Advocates also note that shortening the workweek has the potential to boost employment rates. A 2020 study by the think tank Autonomy found a 32-hour week would create up to 500,000 jobs in the U.K. public sector. Under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s 1933 “Reemployment Agreement,” at least 1.34 million people were brought into the workforce in just four months, after companies received incentives to reduce the average workweek to 35 hours.
29 Admittedly, in our current techno-capitalist economic system, which prioritizes growth above all, putting even modest boundaries around work is a radical—and risky—act. But the environmental, economic, and social fallout of unrestrained work makes such action increasingly necessary. As Barnes says, a four-day workweek is “a sensible economic decision for a country, it’s a sensible ecological decision for a country, it’s a sensible health decision for a country.”
This article was originally published by YES! Media and is reprinted here with permission. Read the original article.
Elaine Meyer writes about work, public health, and technology, writing for outlets including Dame, Salon, Fast Company, Forbes, Huffington Post, and Pacific Standard. Previously, she worked as a communications specialist in public health and taught English in France.
Reflect
After reading the article, use the following questions to reflect on the content of the article and your reading process. See the chapter about reflecting for a discussion of why this is a crucial step.
- Try to paraphrase the main idea in a sentence. This may be challenging because you have read the article only once. If you are struggling, do your best. You can refine this when you reread and summarize the article.
- Is the article primarily narrative, expository, or argumentative? What is the purpose of the article? In other words, why do you think the author wrote it?
- Which predictions were accurate, and which did you have to revise?
- As you previewed the article, you wrote questions. What questions remain unanswered after reading the article?
- What else do you want to know about the article or topic of the reading? Write down any additional questions.
- How did previewing the article help you to understand and engage with the text while reading?
- Where did you struggle to understand something in the text, and how did you work through it?
- What, if anything, could you have done differently to improve your reading process?
Summarize
Complete a summary of the article by following these steps. Make sure you have read the chapters about Reading to Summarize before proceeding with the summary.
- Reread the article and complete the Summary Notes. See Preparing to Summarize for a review of this topic and an example.
- Then, use your Summary Notes to write a one-paragraph summary of the article. See Writing a Summary for a review of this topic and an example. Make sure that you include in-text citations and the Work Cited.
- Use the self-assessment/peer review questions from Evaluating a Summary to self-assess your summary or invite a peer to provide feedback.
- Use the self-assessment or peer feedback to make changes to your summary.
Make sure you are comfortable with your summary before advancing to the response. If you misunderstand something in the article, then your response may be skewed based on that misunderstanding.
Respond
Write a response to the article by following these steps. Make sure you have read the chapters about Reading to Respond before proceeding with the summary.
- Use the Response Questions from Preparing to Respond to brainstorm possible ideas for your response. See the example in that same chapter.
- Read over your replies to the Response Questions. Choose one idea to write about in your response. Express that idea in a topic sentence. See Writing a Topic Sentence for a Response for examples. Ask a peer for feedback on your topic sentence.
- Brainstorm about possible support you could use in your response. See Generating Support for a Response for examples.
- Use your topic sentence and ideas from the list of support to write a one-paragraph response. See Writing a Response writing guidelines and examples. Make sure that you include the Work Cited and in-text citations for any quotes or specific ideas from the article.
- Use the self-assessment/peer review questions from Evaluating a Response to evaluate your response or have a peer provide feedback.
- Use the self-assessment or peer feedback to make improvements to your response.
Extend: Evaluate Opposing Views
In her article, Elaine Meyer argues in favor of policies such as the four-day workweek. Read an alternative view on the four-day workweek in the article Five Reasons Why the Four-Day Week Won’t Work by Wim Naudé, published on August 4, 2022, by The Conversation.
Which argument is more convincing: Meyer’s or Naudé’s? Why? Which position do you support? Keep in mind that it is possible to support one position even if you find the article expressing the opposite position more convincing.